{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:23:45Z","timestamp":1788265425622,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC International Network","award":["EP\/W027011\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W027011\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Space Agency","award":["ETP1-025 LOTIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETP1-025 LOTIS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4000145824\/24\/NL\/FFi"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000145824\/24\/NL\/FFi"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/M009386\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/M009386\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurately observing the rarefied media of the upper atmosphere, exosphere, and planetary and Solar System environments beyond requires highly sensitive metrological techniques. We present the operating concept and architecture of a quantum sensing solution based on the dynamics of a levitated nanoparticle. It can detect and measure impacts of individual particles in rarefied media. Dubbed \u2018LEVITAS\u2019, our sensor consists of a levitated nanoparticle in the focus of a laser beam. The trapped nanoparticle constitutes a harmonic oscillator whose position can be tracked with precision close to the standard quantum limit by interferometric detection of the laser photons it scatters. We simulate individual impacts on the nanoparticle and show that the density, velocity, temperature, and composition of the surrounding medium can be estimated accurately. We illustrate the performance of LEVITAS in scenarios ranging from low Earth orbit out to exospheric distances, across which individual impacts can be detected at favourable rates. Furthermore, LEVITAS may be employed to accurately measure highly rarefied neutral distributions within vastly different areas of momentum space. This we demonstrate by simulating the measurement of high-velocity neutral gas particles from the interstellar medium penetrating the heliosphere and flowing through our Solar System. We outline the scope for quantum enhancements and other improvements for LEVITAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ae99fb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:49:42Z","timestamp":1786747782000},"page":"045034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":"LEVITAS: Levitodynamics for accurate individual particle sensing in space","prefix":"10.1088","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4558-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafal","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2015-4053","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ravindra T","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-2539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-1574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bengt","family":"Eliasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-9509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel K L","family":"Oi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4021-4655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Animesh","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"qstae99fbbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3027","type":"journal-article","volume":"374","author":"Gonzalez-Ballestero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"qstae99fbbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3993","type":"journal-article","volume":"367","author":"Deli\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"qstae99fbbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03602-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"595","author":"Magrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"qstae99fbbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03617-w","type":"journal-article","volume":"595","author":"Tebbenjohanns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"qstae99fbbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.97.033822","type":"journal-article","volume":"97","author":"Setter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. 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